Unusual Exclusions: What Doesn't Fit The Criteria?

Which of the following is not considered... is a common phrasing for questions across a wide range of topics. For example, in music, Give Me Jesus is not considered a standard in the same way as I Got Rhythm or My Funny Valentine, as it is less frequently covered by artists outside of its original context. In science, computer science is not considered a natural science as it focuses on human-made constructs. In health and safety, single-use gloves are important for protecting food from contamination after cooking. In this context, which of the following is not an example of... could be a more specific way to phrase the question.

'Give Me Jesus' is not considered a standard in jazz or popular music

"Give Me Jesus" is a spiritual song with roots in early twentieth-century New Orleans, which is also the birthplace of jazz. Jazz standards are musical compositions that are widely known, performed, and recorded by jazz musicians and listeners. However, "Give Me Jesus" is not considered a standard in jazz or popular music.

A song is considered a jazz standard if it is widely played among jazz musicians and listeners. Jazz standards are often covered by vocalists and interpreted by jazz legends. For example, Coleman Hawkins' recording of "Body and Soul" became a huge jazz hit and a standard for tenor saxophone playing. Similarly, Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, and Sarah Vaughan are examples of vocalists who have covered great jazz standards.

In the 1920s, pop hits such as "Sweet Georgia Brown", "Dinah", and "Bye Bye Blackbird" were popular. Louis Armstrong was the first jazz artist to be given liberty in choosing his material, and his band helped popularize many early jazz standards in the 1920s and 1930s. Fats Waller's "Honeysuckle Rose" and "Ain't Misbehavin'" are examples of jazz standards written by jazz artists.

The swing era of the 1930s produced popular tunes such as Duke Ellington's "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)", "Sophisticated Lady", and "Caravan", which are now considered jazz standards. During World War II, jazz saw a shift towards smaller groups as big bands struggled to continue performing. This shift influenced the emergence of new kinds of music such as "rhythm and blues", which later evolved into rock and roll.

While "Give Me Jesus" may be a well-known spiritual song, it does not meet the criteria of a jazz standard as it is not widely played, recorded, or interpreted by jazz musicians and vocalists. The song also does not appear in major fake book publications or jazz reference works, which offer a guide to songs considered standards. Therefore, "Give Me Jesus" is not considered a standard in jazz or popular music.

Personal computers are not considered a common good

Personal computers are specific items that people own individually, and access to them can differ significantly depending on factors such as financial situation, location, and other variables. This differentiates them from natural phenomena like the solar system or dark skies, which are universally observable and accessible to all. The availability of personal computers is influenced by purchasing power, making them less of a common good.

The distinction between personal computers as consumer goods and their use in businesses as capital goods further highlights their status as non-common goods. In a business context, computers are considered capital goods, used to produce other goods or services, and are often standardized to enhance communication and efficiency. This standardization and mass production have made personal computers more accessible and affordable for consumers, but they still require purchasing and ownership, setting them apart from universally accessible resources.

Additionally, the evolution of personal computing has shifted from shared family desktops to individualized relationships with devices, reflecting the integration of computers into our daily lives. This shift underscores the perception of personal computers as individual possessions rather than common goods. While the internet can be considered a utility or service that many people can access, personal computers themselves are not universally available in the same way.

In summary, personal computers are not considered a common good because they are individually owned, their access is influenced by financial and geographical factors, and they require purchasing and ownership. While personal computers have become essential and widely used, they do not meet the definition of a common good, which entails universal accessibility and inclusivity.

Computer science is not a natural science

Computer science is a broad and complex field that defies simple categorization. While it is undoubtedly a scientific discipline, it is not typically classified as a natural science. This is primarily because computer science deals primarily with human-made constructs, such as computers and computational systems, rather than natural phenomena.

Natural sciences, such as biology, astronomy, and physics, are focused on studying the natural world, its processes, and the laws that govern it. They often employ the scientific method, which involves making observations, formulating hypotheses, and conducting experiments to gather empirical evidence.

In contrast, computer science is more concerned with the study of computation and the design and implementation of computational systems. While computers and technology can be used as tools in various scientific fields, including natural sciences, the field of computer science itself is focused on the human-made world of technology rather than the study of natural phenomena.

However, it is worth noting that the boundaries between different scientific disciplines are not always clear-cut, and there is some overlap between computer science and natural sciences. For example, some areas of computer science, such as artificial life and computational biology, intersect with natural sciences like biology and physics. Additionally, computer science often draws on knowledge from various natural sciences, such as physics, chemistry, and quantum mechanics, to build and understand computational systems.

Furthermore, the very definition of "science" is a subject of debate, with some arguing that the distinction between natural science and other types of science is not particularly meaningful. Some consider computer science a branch of mathematics or "soft science," while others view it as more closely related to engineering or management. Ultimately, the classification of computer science may depend on the specific context and areas of study within the field.

Quaternary ammonium is not approved for chemical sanitizing

Quaternary ammonium compounds, also known as "quats", are not approved for chemical sanitizing after washing and rinsing. Quats are cationic, which means they can attach to negatively charged surfaces and disrupt microbial cell membranes. They are highly effective at killing bacteria, fungi, and viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Quats are commonly found in disinfectant wipes, sprays, and liquids, as well as laundry disinfectants, surface cleaners, and certain hand care products such as antibacterial soaps and hand sanitizers.

Despite their effectiveness as disinfectants, quats are not approved for chemical sanitizing in all contexts. For example, in the context of food sanitation, quats are not approved for use after washing and rinsing. This is because the process of sanitizing involves reducing the number of germs on a surface to levels considered safe by public health codes or regulations. While quats are excellent at disinfecting, they may not be able to reduce the germ count to the required level after a surface has been washed and rinsed.

The approval of chemical sanitizers depends on the specific context and regulations in place. For instance, in the case of food establishments, there may be additional requirements or restrictions on the use of certain chemicals. It is important to refer to the relevant health organizations, such as the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control, for their safety and operational guidelines.

Additionally, the approval process for chemical sanitizers can be rigorous and involves extensive reviews by regulatory bodies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These agencies require a wide range of scientific data, including studies on the short-term and long-term effects of the chemicals on human health and the environment. The approval process helps ensure that only safe and effective products are approved for sanitizing purposes.

In summary, while quaternary ammonium compounds are recognized as effective disinfectants and are widely used in various cleaning products, they are not approved for chemical sanitizing in all contexts, particularly in food establishments after washing and rinsing. The approval of chemical sanitizers is subject to specific regulations and rigorous review processes to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the products.

Dark skies are areas of low light pollution

Light pollution is the human-made alteration of outdoor light levels from those occurring naturally. It is caused by over-lighting, the lack of use of timers and sensors, and the use of the wrong colour of light. Light pollution has been shown to negatively affect migratory birds, pollinators, sea turtles, and mammals, including humans. It also prevents the human eye from fully dark-adapting and reaching its maximum sensitivity. In some cases, the more light there is at night, the less we can see.

Dark skies, on the other hand, are areas of low light pollution, allowing for clear visibility of stars and celestial bodies. They are accessible for everyone to enjoy, and like the solar system, they are considered a common good. Dark skies are often found in remote or otherwise dark environments, and their visual impacts can be perceived at longer distances. For example, even if the area of the sky near the zenith is relatively free of scattered anthropogenic light, areas near the horizon may appear bright due to light pollution from distant cities.

The brightening of the night sky is not limited to urban environments, as the glow from cities has been documented at distances over 200 miles from national parks. Light pollution is increasing globally, in both developed and developing countries. Satellite data show that from 2012 to 2016, continuously lit areas brightened at a rate of 2.2% per year. The naturally dark area is shrinking too, as the Earth's artificially lit outdoor area grew by 2.2% per year during the same period.

The dark sky movement has had many successes, starting with the first-ever dark sky legislation in 1958. Organisations like DarkSky International work to restore the nighttime environment and protect communities and wildlife from light pollution. They advocate for properly designed lighting that is beautiful, healthy, and functional, and provide resources for individuals to get involved in light pollution advocacy.

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